Posts Tagged Wales

Art and culture at the British seaside

From fairytale castles to Margate's modern art, there's lots to keep you busy when the weather drives you from the beach

Visiting the British seaside is best done in an opportunistic rush, packing a bucket and spade and heading for the station on a sunny morning. If you plan a longer stay, you're braving the elements. Rain, cloud ... sun? But one form of seaside weather insurance is art. Several masterpieces of art and architecture are scattered around the British coastline, offering extra reasons to head for the beach and alternative entertainment when sandcastle building is rained off. Here are my top seaside wonders.

Should you be swimming at Llandudno, Wales's well-preserved Victorian resort where Lewis Carroll once frolicked, you only have to cross the Great Orme headland – itself an archaeological landscape – to see Conwy castle, one of the most romantically situated and splendidly built of all medieval ruins. Painted by Turner, ornamented with a gothic suspension bridge by Thomas Telford, this is the perfect castle. But it is not the only one on the Welsh shore. Harlech and Beaumaris offer variants on the same mix of seaside fun and medieval history.

A complete contrast is Tate St Ives, a modern pavilion overlooking one of Cornwall's most beautiful beaches. Visitors to St Ives can enjoy the works of British abstract artists who based themselves in the area, along with contemporary art that offers challenge and provocation among the ice-creams. There is also the moving – in fact, melancholy – Barbara Hepworth studio.

Why does the tradition of sea bathing exist at all? It has a lot to do with 18th-century hedonists such as the Prince Regent, later George IV, who pioneered not only sea bathing but the accumulation of entertainments at coastal resorts. The timeless problem of the British seaside – how to keep the fun going when the sun disappears – has encouraged everything from gambling to ghost trains. The Prince Regent and his decadent courtiers set the tone with card games and balls at Brighton, and the oriental pavilion he built for his pleasure is one of Britain's architectural marvels. Brighton Royal Pavilion is at once a masterpiece of Arabian Nights fantasy, and the ancestor of every coin-machine arcade.

Along the coast from Brighton, southern resorts still compete to lure London crowds and many seek to do so with modern art. You can see new art in superb new buildings at Margate and Eastbourne.

Hastings, meanwhile, offers a coastal walk to the scene of one of the most beautiful paintings of the British coast, William Holman Hunt's Our English Coasts (1852). You can stand on the cliffs where he painted his lurid vision of grass, rocks, sea and sky, and observe that his intense colours are true to the natural beauty of this place.

Works of artistic and architectural excellence abound on the coastline – but maybe the greatest work of art is the shore itself.


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Conwy castle, a towering achievement

The painter's favourite is a triumph of the gothic mind that inspires awe at the power and intelligence of its creators

Conwy castle in north Wales has been portrayed by more artists than even the most swaggering eighteenth-century aristocrat. As you enter the castle today, some of these watercolours and paintings are blown up on the staircase to the ticket office and shop. Even without the cue of JMW Turner's romantic view, and even with modern traffic hurtling over the road bridge beneath the castle, no eye can fail to see the picturesque qualities of this punchy assembly of high walls and round turrets squatting giant-like on its high rock above a walled town. The fishing boats bob in the green water, while vistas of Welsh mountains recede in the distance. Nor can any heart fail to leap.

Inside, the picturesque first impressions grow into awe at the power and intelligence of the 13th-century king and masons who created this medieval architectural glory.Conwy is the military and secular equivalent of the great cathedrals – a triumph of the gothic mind. Looking up from inside one of its hollowed-out towers, you are stunned to see the sky above framed by a perfect circle of stone, with the crowning top turret a second, equally accurate, circle set on its parent like a cog wheel. How did medieval builders create such precise geometries? My guess is with nothing more complex than a pegged string, mapping the circle on the ground then building straight up. When you look at the base of the walls from outside, you discover that they grow out of the rock: crude but effective.

Other details are anything but crude. The stone vault beams of the great hall, of which only one survives, and the remains of its stained glass window match the sinuous decoration of the chapel tower's interior. This was a royal castle, and behind its formidable defences boasted the finery of a palace or abbey. Luckily, it fell into disrepair soon enough that it avoided becoming a manor house in Renaissance times or being converted into a Georgian gothic hideaway.

It was never modernised, in other words, and yet its stones, so massively gathered, survived remarkably well. This makes Conwy a truly stirring place: a medieval time capsule, with not a hint of fakery or false restoration about it.

This building is both practical and lovely. So here's a question. Why did castles stop being beautiful? Because of gunpowder, which blasted great holes in Conwy's near neighbour Rhuddlan castle. Fortifications could no longer afford to be picturesque in the era of cannon. Instead they became angular earthworks with sloping gun towers. The bunker-like forms of Renaissance bastions, which resisted artillery fire, evolved into the actual bunkers and trenches of the first and second world wars. Fortifications are still raised: what else is the green zone in Iraq if not a castle? But it is not beautiful.


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The seven wonders of Wales

An old rhyme gives Dixe Wills the excuse to celebrate an overlooked corner of Wales on St David's Day

"Pistyll Rhaeadr and Wrexham steeple,
Snowdon's mountain without its people,
Overton yew trees, St Winefride's wells,
Llangollen bridge and Gresford bells"

 
Penned by an anonymous 18th-century English traveller, this piece of doggerel, called the Seven Wonders of Wales, probably owes its survival to the fact that, unlike the Eight Wonders of the World, all the Welsh marvels cited are still with us. Furthermore, since six of them are in a small pocket in the north-east of the country, you can collect the set in a long weekend.

So it was that I found myself cycling high into the Berwyn Mountains in search of Pistyll Rhaeadr, a waterfall, which at 240 feet, is a true Welsh wonder. There can't be many outdoor attractions that are best seen in the rain, but a waterfall is one of them. High above my head, the rain-swollen river Rhaeadr tumbled over the precipice in thick silver threads. A further six hours of solid downpour rather took the edge off my exultation.

The cosiness of Cornerstones – an extraordinary B&B that has fused together three of Llangollen's 16th-century houses – was thus a welcome sight, and I was soon looking down at a heron stalking the River Dee, just a couple of wing flaps from the medieval Llangollen bridge.
 
Of course, not everyone can get excited about the art of spanning rivers. However, even the least ardent fan would have to admit to the graciousness of these particular arches, each one a slightly different size to fit neatly on to the rocks below. But it's the setting that really makes it – Llangollen's jumble of black-and-white houses swiftly giving way to wooded hills beyond – and in the glorious morning sunshine the pinky fawn stones positively shone in the morning sunlight.
 
The rest of my day was to be spent with yews, a steeple, a set of bells and some curative waters – not always the first things that spring to mind when considering wonders. However, I will confess that there is something about the way that yews rage against the dying of the light: some managing it for thousand of years. The 23 standing guard around Overton's St Mary's church are relative youngsters but some still go back to the Middle Ages.
 
At St Giles' church in nearby Wrexham, a stone bears the faded legend, "This steeple was completed in 1506." The difficulty is that the "steeple" is clearly a tower. A very fine 147-foot sandstone tower, it has to be said and, when I went up on to its roof, I was able to testify that it also commanded extraordinary views of mountains to the west and the Dee valley to the east. However, a steeple it is not.
 
Once upon a time, before we all became so noisy, you would have been able to hear Gresford bells in Wrexham, even though Gresford is three miles away. Gresford's Tower Captain, Hilton Roberts, took me up a stone spiral staircase and introduced me to the monsters. Bell ringing, he told me, is a perfect fusion of music and science. Peals may have fanciful names like Stedman Triples and Yorkshire Surprise Major, but they are strictly governed by mathematical formulae. Logical thinkers they may be, but bell ringers are evidently also touched by a streak of eccentricity. We were up above the bells when Hilton, no spring chicken, suddenly jumped down on to one and started swinging on it, Tarzan-like, just so that I could hear what it sounded like. I was three yards away. It was loud.

It was another sort of madness that brought about St Winefride's well. A rejected suitor called Caradog sliced off young Winefride's head and where it fell a miraculous spring gushed forth. "People from all over the world come here now," a warden told me, kindly handing me a bottle of freshly drawn water. The well itself is a rather wonderful star-shape that feeds water to a pool in which the sick and ailing lower themselves to be healed.
 
I mentioned my visit to Paulene at Celyn Villa, my home from home for the night, asking her if she knew anyone who'd been miraculously cured.
 
"Ah well, strange you should say that," she replied. "I had a verruca for years that wouldn't respond to any treatment whatsoever. I dipped it in the pool and it went away completely."
 
I'm hanging on to that bottle.
 
Bright and early next morning the happy chatter of fellow train passengers accompanied me round the north coast to Bangor and the final wonder, Snowdon. The donkey ride from Llanberis to the top, which our poet may well have enjoyed, was replaced in 1896 by the mountain railway. I confess to having felt slightly guilty as the tiny steam engine strained to push our single carriage upwards, but this was partially assuaged by the fact that I was only going as far as Clogwyn, three-quarters of the way, where I joined a long thin line of people marching to the top.
 
It was quite a party at the summit: 70 or 80 of us – families, groups of friends, a school field trip, a number of very sprightly pensioners – all excited about having conquered Wales' tallest mountain. And why not? Given a clear day it's possible to see Ireland's Wicklow Mountains from here. Having arrived just before the brand new £8m summit visitor centre was officially opened, I whipped out a flask of tea for my celebratory toast: I had succeeded in visiting all seven wonders of Wales.
 
Or had I? The poem clearly stipulated "Snowdon's mountain without its people". Well now, I mused, as I sauntered back down to Llanberis, that would be a wonder.
 

Way to go

Virgin Trains Single from London to Chester from £8 return; 08457 222333; virgintrains.com. Arriva Trains Wales, single from Chester to Gobowen £6.50 return, and Bangor to Chester £22.20 return; 0870 9000773, arrivatrainswales.co.uk.

Snowdon Mountain Railway Llanberis to summit return, adult £23, child £16; 0871 7200033; snowdonrailway.co.uk.

Cornerstones B&B, Llangollen. Doubles from £70; +44 (0)1978 861569, cornerstones-guesthouse.co.uk.

Celyn Villa, Carmel Near Holywell. Doubles from £56; +44 (0)1352 710853, celynvilla.co.uk.

St Winefride's Well, Holywell. Adult 80p, child 20p; +44 (0)1352 713054, saintwinefrideswell.com.


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Pulling down Snowdonia’s power station would be a nuclear waste

Trawsfynydd, Snowdonia's Basil Spence-designed energy plant, is a triumph of modernist architecture – we should be celebrating it, not bringing in the bulldozers

Drive along the A470 into the heart of Snowdonia National Park and an unexpected, magnificent sight greets you. Fronting a man-made lake in the foreground, in the shadow of the rugged Moelwyn Mountains, are two giant nuclear reactors.

Not just any nuclear reactors, though. This is the Trawsfynydd nuclear power station, designed by Sir Basil Spence, arguably Britain's most talented modernist architect. It's an uncompromising but dramatic example of postwar architecture. Get a good eyeful while you can: unless an 11th-hour bid to save Trawsfynydd is successful, the bulldozers will roll in next year to partially demolish it.

Most power stations are designed by engineer-architects, and aesthetics come far down the priority list – if at all. But Trawsfynydd is different. Opened in 1968, it was one of the first generations of nuclear stations, conceived in the decade of Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace programme. It is optimistic, triumphant and utterly original: its uncompromising concrete facade towers 55 metres high, with neat rows of windows set around rectangle slabs jutting out of the building. It's crowned with four turret-like sculptural features on the roof. This is a building that unashamedly ignores the human scale. It intimidates and overpowers, a building that wouldn't look out of place on the set of Terry Gilliam's epic 1985 film Brazil. Trawsfynydd takes its cue from the dramatic and foreboding Snowdonia scenery, the towering linear form of the reactors juxtaposing beautifully with the organic and grandiose scenery that surrounds it. Now decommissioned, it's a fitting monument to the pioneering men who split atoms for a new future.

Yet the local community has long harboured anger that Westminster imposed the station on them decades ago. Feelings run deep and when, a year after it was shut down, there was talk of the station reopening, 300 people took to the streets to protest. Because of the radioactivity, the reactors must remain in some form for at least another century. Snowdonia planners want to halve the height of the reactor buildings to "improve" the look of the area. You sense there's a subconscious reason, too – that society is wreaking revenge on Trawsfynydd for nuclear mistakes of the past.

But instead of bastardising Trawsfynydd, we should be celebrating its bold and pioneering design. It's only in recent years that Britain has come to admit – even, grudgingly, to admire – its modernist past. West London's Trellick Tower, designed by Hungarian Brutalist Ernö Goldfinger, has become a byword for what renovation can do, having been transformed from a dilapidated and despised housing estate into a desirable place to live that features in the colour supplements and design magazines. But this change of heart came too late for other modernist masterpieces, notably the Dunlop Semtex factory in Brynmawr, Wales. Completed in 1953, the building – made up of nine geometric domes covering the central production area – was the inspiration for the design of the Sydney Opera House and was praised by Frank Lloyd Wright. In 1991, protestors staged nightly vigils around the building in an attempt to save it from demolition. But it was bulldozed a few weeks later.

I began an online debate about Trawsfynydd a couple of months ago, which stirred up strong feelings and a lively discussion – far richer than some of the poorly-attended public meetings held about the future of the site. Some believe that Trawsfynydd is an eyesore and should be erased from the landscape, among them the Plaid Cymru MP Elfyn Llwyd, who has said that any suggestion of the building being saved is "bonkers". Others have told me that Trawsfynydd has inspired them, including internationally-renowned abstract painter Sonja Benskin Mesher, who this month opened a solo exhibition of paintings of Trawsfynydd.

There is a chance that this masterpiece could be saved. The decision rests with Cadw, Wales's historic buildings authority which has been persuaded to consider listing Trawsfynydd; a site inspection will take place in the new year and a decision is expected in mid-February. When designing it, Spence knew the building would have a limited life as a nuclear power station. He therefore had the foresight to set himself a guiding question for the design, which was inspired by the great English neo-classical architect Sir John Soane: "Will it make a beautiful ruin?" Unless we act now, we'll never know.


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A love affair with a city like London demands much more than an air-kiss | Simon Jenkins

I know people who swear by the charms of Lagos or Grozny. For them, as me, a city is where friends are. Take note, Jan Morris

I once sat next to a woman at dinner who asked me where I lived. When I replied, London, she frowned and said, how simply ghastly for me. "It is an awful place, absolute hell. I hate going there, the people, the traffic, the tube, the dirt. You must be dying to escape."

Stung by hearing my beloved home so abused I asked where she lived. Gloucestershire, she replied. "How ghastly," I said, "it is an awful place, absolute hell. I hate going there, the people, the horses, the filthy lanes, the boredom. You must be dying to escape." How extraordinarily rude, she said, and turned away for the rest of the evening.

Hating cities is apparently fine, but hating the country is not permitted. Now I read that my old friend, the travel writer Jan Morris, has fallen out of love with London. She proclaimed so in last Saturday's Guardian: "When once it welcomed me like a dowager to her run-down stately home, now its greeting is more like the air-kiss of a tabloid celebrity." When Jan steps off the train at Euston, she said: "I find myself entering a different city altogether from the one that used to thrill me."

I take comfort only in the knowledge that disagreeing with Jan is always exhilarating. We have disagreed everywhere, on the slopes of Snowdon, surrounded at Pen-y-Gwryd by mementos of the 1953 conquest of Everest (in which Jan took part). We have disagreed among the Italianate splendours of Portmeirion. We have disagreed on the banks of the swirling Dyfi and in Jan's stone eyrie upstream from Lloyd George's grave in Llanystumdwy. Disagreeing with her is more enjoyable than agreeing with anyone else. She has mastered the art of dissent, which is to clothe courtesy in laughter.

When Jan shuts her computer, packs her bags and waves goodbye to north Wales, we know she is off to discover, or more often rediscover, some exotic clime and dust it with literary gold. She once claimed that her "final book" was Trieste and the Meaning of Nowhere. It was her Tempest, plunged into the Adriatic deeper than did ever plummet sound, and full of life-expiring metaphor. But that was in 2001 and, like Rubinstein, Jan's last appearances are now annual events. The latest, out this week, is Contact!, a book of word sketches.

Great travel writers never just describe places. They report their responses to places and their inhabitants. Some cheat and take along a companion as the butt of their commentary. Laurens van der Post took the hapless cameraman Spode to the Kalahari. Peter Fleming travelled Tartary with the tiresome Kini (who later took her revenge in a Royal Geographical Society lecture). Eric Newby ribbed poor Carless up and down the Hindu Kush, and was equally merciless with his wife on the Ganges.

Jan resorts to no such devices. She does not bring human props to feed her narrative. She lives off the land, knowing that for a city to come alive, she must do more than just see. She must form relationships with local humans, perform some ritual of empathy. Her landscapes are peopled, like Constable's, with dappled ghostly figures to draw the composition into focus.

So powerful are these sketches that, to me, they are more than walk-on extras. They are not of celebrities or interviewees, but of passers-by, faces in a crowd, the chance encounters that furnish the room of the solitary traveller. Jan bumps into a man in a hotel door. When he asks where she is from, and she replies "Wales", he cries: "Wales! How wonderful." Oh you splendid liar, she says, you have never heard of the place, and they both roar with laughter.

Jan winks at a wrinkled Alexandrian cabby, chides an American matron, teases a Polish taxi driver that his Volvo is "not Chopin". She helps a "hard-mouthed, fast-shoving" blind lady across a Paris street and into a shop, after which the lady remarks: "Now I give you back your liberty." These flashes of ersatz intimacy colour the monochrome of travel. They bring Jan "close to the meaning of a place".

But they are more than that. They are the city. My early experiences of visiting America coincided with a youthful eagerness for adventure that made every city beautiful, however ugly. Visiting Germany coincided with so many pleasant meetings as to endear me to German cities ever since, just as unfavourable ones coloured my view of France.

I know people who swear by the glories of Lagos, Kiev, Shanghai and even Grozny. I recall the mayor of Houston in Texas looking out of his skyscraper office and sighing that I surely had never seen a city as beautiful as his. I choked, until I realised that my ugly sprawl of office blocks and parking lots were his glittering array of acquaintances. For him, as for me, a city is where the friends are. The beauty of friendship surpassed the physical attributes of a place, much as the mind surpasses the beauty of the body.

Jan's falling out of love with London has, I suggest, little to do with London and more to do with Jan and her Londoners. The wartime metropolis of her memory was battle-scarred but indomitable. "I truly loved it then," she writes, "the proud battered style of it, the blackened and ruined monuments, the posh-and-cockney mixture, the Union Jack flying gamely through the smog upon the Palace of Westminster, the grimy tugs churning up the Thames – liquid 'istory."

That London had the excitement and anticipation of youth, just as it must now convey the tiresome aggression that irks old age. Jan's accounts of India, Oxford, Venice and a myriad other cities are far more than the application of a cultured mind to bricks and mortar, walls, roofs, trees and water. Each was seen at a different stage in a career and with different human encounters, and therefore struck different chords.

London tries to reject my affection. It disfigures itself with ugliness – now with idiot towers as its mayor, Boris Johnson, vies with Ken Livingstone in their penis envy of New York. It afflicts the visitor with what Jan experiences as she steps from the Euston train, or Gloucestershire deplores as she fights her way across town to Harrods. It afflicts them because they are visitors.

My London is one that Jan and Gloucestershire can never love. I do not spend my time in the city, as most non-residents do, enveloped in crowds, shopping and fighting public transport (which is not that bad). I see a city of local streets enlivened by corner shops, bustling pubs, children going to school, parks, squares, museums, theatres. It is a place of intense calm, if I want it.

More than that, I love the comforting familiarity of a life lived in one place, of the continuity of things and friends, spiced only sometimes by a dollop of change. The passing Jan can play her game of smiling and winking and joshing to score a response. But it is she who is air-kissing London, not the other way round. A true city is a mirror, in which the blemishes are our own.


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